J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls Essay Example

J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls Essay This essay shall examine the way in which J. B. Priestley uses dramatic effect in his 1945 play An Inspector Calls. The play is centred on an Inspector who gatecrashes the Birlings engagement party to their daughter Sheila and her Fiance Gerald croft, by announcing that earlier in the day a girl called Eva Smith, also known as Daisy Renton, committed suicide by drinking a bottle of disinfectant. The Inspector slowly makes his way around each of the Birlings and Gerald and asks them each a series of questions which results in each of the characters being convinced that they are to blame for her death. In this essay I will delve into the period and context of when the play was written, analyse the language used as well as the use of characters, the setting and the genre of the play. An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, but set one week before the Titanic set sail in 1912 the late Edwardian Era. I feel that this was done deliberately because J. B. Priestley may have intended to convey his optimism about World war one and how he thought a World War wouldnt begin. After World war two, I feel it was appropriate to release An Inspector Calls just for a simple morality play of which the morals could be not everything is what it seems and you never know what is going to happen. I feel this is due to dramatic irony as from the curtain opening there are many references towards disasters throughout history like the Titanic sinking in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, after crashing into an Iceberg. Priestley conveys his optimism here as Mr. Birling says; the Titanic she sails next week. We will write a custom essay sample on J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another reason of which I feel that the playwright was a good release at the time was for the distinctions between the upper and lower classes within society. In 1912, there were strong divisions between the upper and lower classes, but after World War one, and World War two, the Holocaust, the Titanic sinking, and the Atom bomb, there was a great want for social change between the upper and lower classes for the country to stick together in the event of another disaster occurring. As this social reform had taken place, the effect on the audience was likely to be huge, and would make both the upper and the lower class audiences realise just how bad the upper class treated the lower class during the pre-war period. Throughout the play, the upper class audience should have perceived that they took great advantage of the lower class population. I therefore feel that one of J. B. Priestleys intentions for writing the play was to convey how the lower class were treated before the first World war, and he does this by portraying Eva Smith as vulnerable, weak and average. This is able to gain maximum impact on the audience as Evas character is built up slowly and emotionally throughout the play. This concept is shown as the Birlings and Gerald Croft take advantage of her and thus takes her own life. Throughout the playwright, J. B. Priestley uses many dramatic techniques and communicates these effects well. One way that the tension is sustained is by using dramatic irony. This is an occasion when a character makes predictions about the future now the past and the audience know that these predictions have been proven untrue, an example being when Mr. Birling says The Germans dont want war. Nobody wants war, except some half civilised folks in the Balkans, but the audience already know that the Germans did want a war and was dubbed World War one. Now the audience are likely to think that Mr. Birling is a completely over-opinionated plank. This allows the audience to engage and become involved in the play by answering back and saying oh, but yes that has happened you fool! I also feel the reason that Mr. Birling says these sentences is because J. B. Priestley is conveying his optimism through Mr. Birlings grand speeches to get his points over. Another technique used to keep tension throughout the performance is by the way that each member of the family seems to have had some involvement with Evas death. This tension leads to a pattern of new pieces of information being submitted, therefore developing the story and making the audience interested in how each character reacts to the revelations involved in the play. I feel that one of the most dramatic effects is created when the Inspector is introduced to the Birlings. Inspector Goole is very abrupt and gets straight to the point for example when hes describing Evas graphic death; Two hours ago a young woman died in the infirmary burnt her inside out of course. This quote is repeated about three times in the play, and is a good means of maintaining the tension within the play, by indicating that something substantial is going to happen rather soon whether this is something that someone is going to say or something that someone is going to do. The Inspector doesnt give any clues away about her death, but he makes sure that tension is kept by making a statement and making the Birlings finish off the story, telling him what has been going on. This makes the audience watch the play attentively to the end. I also feel that the Inspectors role is important as he keeps the pace of the plot running smoothly. This is done as he deals with one line of enquiry at a time, and Evas life is unravelled before the audiences eyes making sure that each of the characters of the play has an equal amount of blame placed upon each of them for her death. By the end of act one, the Inspector is in complete control of the family and the situation that theyre in. He does this gradually from his entrance. His entrance is effective, and he speaks very little at the beginning, and makes Mr. Birling feel anxious. As Mr. Birling asks the question; Some trouble about a warrant? the Inspector ominously replies No, Mr. Birling. The third line of this conversation is when Mr. Birling begins to get annoyed at the Inspectors small communication with him, and he asks Well, what is it then? ith a trace of impatience. This is just one of the many occurrences when the Inspector uses only a few words for a sentence, and makes the audience feel that the Inspector is going to rely on the Birlings and Gerald to do most of the talking unless he is asking a question. The Inspector controls the family by making out that he knows everything that has gone on. He seems to be an experienced Inspector as he knows how to get the information that he needs. The way that he seems to know everything that has gone on makes the other characters act irrationally and as a result the audience will enjoy the play even more than they would have if they didnt think he knew what he was talking about. I believe that the playwrights plot unravels extremely well. The tone of voice of the characters is crucial towards the play because it is one way that the audience gets to see the characters cracking and it shows us that theyre hiding things that the Inspector isnt meant to hear. This is quite important because unlike other plays this play doesnt contain soliloquys, which give an insight towards the thoughts and the feelings of the characters. The most important part of the play is when the phone rings and it echos that a girl has just died in the Infirmary, and that an Inspector will be calling in shortly to question them about her death. This is effective as the audience have already heard the sinister story and will then feel that the Birlings either got what they deserve, or will sympathise with them feeling that they shouldnt be put through all of the questioning again. Language in this specific play has a proficient impression on the audience. The sentence structure of the play is crucial. This includes the length of sentences within the play, the vocabulary, and the underlying meaning implied by the characters. The language in this play is vital towards the development of the story. Mr. Birling speaks in long, spaced out speechs and at the beginning, hes quite confident in his long speeches to the family, although Mr. Birlings confidence is soon enough replaced with apprehension and self justification though I feel that he is anxious for the wrong moral reasons, as he only seems to care about his knighthood and not the fact that a girl has died because of his family. I therefore feel that Mr. Birlings speeches depend on how much hes in control of a situation and how happy he is. This is indicated as he acts like a temperamental child if he gets wound up, hell storm out, which is visible on page twenty one of the play as the Inspector says Thats more or less what I was thinking earlier today asty mess somebodys made of it. Mr. Birling who is Provincial in his speech uses very gallant vocabulary on a day-to-day basis he doesnt use the simplest of terms for things. The vocabulary he uses wouldnt be used too freely in todays society, nor too frequently in the nineteen forties so insisting Mr. Birlings aim is to be on the upper part of the upper class, when all he is, is Middle Class (I will disc uss social class later in my essay). This vocabulary also speeds up the confrontations in the room throughout the play, because without realising, he is digging a larger and larger hole to get out of. The use of colloquial terms is effective nonetheless in the play, for example, squiffy could be perceived as meaning drunk, and by jingo could be perceived as meaning oh God when youre in a fluster, but these terms wouldnt be used nowadays. This is vital because it adds towards the character development in the play perhaps indicating that the Birlings feel the need to use these terms because they think that theyre better than others, and feel the need to speak in these colloquial terms. The language used is effective on the audience, in the way that theres virtually always an underlying meaning somewhere in each point brought up in the play in relation towards Evas death, and the Inspector nearly always brings about a confrontation somewhere along the line. The use of language during Mr. Birlings speeches are strong because he always seems to know what hes talking about, however the use of dramatic irony in the play is crucial to make the audience think Ha! What an idiot! Two examples of this dramatic irony are when Mr Birling makes the quotes about the war I say there isnt a chance of war and the Titanic; the Titanic she sails next week and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable. This quote leads me to believe that hes too pessimistic about the world around him, and leads the audience to think that his heads too far up in the clouds and he believes anything that hes told. This is adding towards character development, as it shows that Mr. Birling is quite naive. Its necessary to have this use of language to develop the characters social status within the play. Although Mr. Birling would disagree with me, I feel that he and his family are of Middle class status, as he has a business that has only been open for a minority of years, and at the beginning of the show, Mr. Birling is confident in himself, as he says sentences about himself and his business like the following; and I speak as a hard-headed business man, however in great comparison, the Crofts business has been open for centuries, and therefore this leads me to the conclusion that the Crofts are of a high social status. This leaves no question of why Mr. Birling is happy about tonight, as he assumes that the Crofts will work together with the Birlings as he feels that they will be family and perhaps we may look forward to the time when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but working together I also feel that the use of language used is necessary by means of retaining authenticity. The language is therefore significant to both the effects on characters, and the audience. The effects on the characters will be varying from character to character, for example the use of language used by the Inspector may be harsh and impolite in Mr. Birlings eyes as hes very abrupt, but from Sheilas point of view, he could be speaking calmly and politely towards the family. This has an effect on the audience using drama, because it will be dramatic for them as the Birlings and Gerald may react in differing ways to the Inspectors language. Priestleys use of character and character development in the play is crucial towards the play just as it is within novels; however there are two main divisions between characters in the play both directly and non-directly. These divisions are between the adults in the play with the younger members of the theatrical production and there is also the division of different social classes within the play. The youngsters in the play are Gerald, Sheila, and Eric, each of whom in turn are helpful towards the Inspector by being truthful about what happened nearly all of the time. This makes me believe that they arent as scheming and are influenced more by the Inspector than Mr and Mrs Birling are. This connotation is based upon how Sheila realises that the Inspector only wants the Birlings to build a bigger wall between themselves therefore shed rather tell the truth. It is also apparent when the Inspector says We usually do on the younger ones, that the Inspector knows that hell have an affect on the younger members of the family. The division between the adults and the youngsters becomes apparent when Mr and Mrs Birling begin to cover up their tracks immensely, however the Inspector knows what hes doing he knows how to get down to the bottom of things, and by the end the audience are left in ore by the way that the whole truth has come out, without any ends being left untied. By the end of the play there have been visible divisions within each member of the family, for example, Sheila and Gerald wont be the same again by the way that Geralds little secret has come out in front of his fiance. From the entrance of the Inspector to the end of the play its visible hes there to forewarn the family of the real Inspectors trail of thinking and also to warn them not to lie to the Inspector as it will only work out to the Inspectors advantage, because he knows most of the facts anyway. Although An Inspector Calls is not the most ha-ha funny play that Ive read, it is fun to read in the way that the characters keep digging themselves into a larger more riveting hole, and by the end they become embarrassed by the lies that theyve told the Inspector, thus meaning more enjoyment for the audience. Most of the humour used in An Inspector Calls is conveyed through dramatic irony, and is a humour that makes the viewers think ah, I like what youve done there. This means that the plot line is mentally stimulating for the audience, and yet again the audience are able to become involved in the play. Having said that, there are some occurrences when there are some ha-ha funny sentences, one of which is when the Inspector says An hour ago, a girl was taken into the Infirmary after drinking a bottle of disinfectant, and Sheila replies Oh, was it an accident. My simple answer would be are you stupid girl? This would be perceived as funny as someone can hardly drink a bottle of disinfectant by accident misplacing it for a cup of Tea! When Sheila finds out what happened to Eva, it shows that she has a conscience, by sympathising with her. When she finds out who she was and she finds out her story, her empathy for Eva grows, and she solely feels to blame for her suicide even though I feel she had the smallest part to play in her suicide. The same goes for Eric and Gerald who feel great sympathy for her too, but they seem to have had much more to do with her suicide. Whilst watching the play, the audience notice that the oldest members of the family Mr. and Mrs. Birling give very little sympathy for Eva throughout the play. This brings me to the conclusion that the younger members of the family have much more sympathy for other people, and that they are influenced much more easily by the Inspector, unlike Mr. and Mrs Birling who show very few signs that the Inspector is influencing them with his questions unless you look at the way that they act, which changes dramatically within the play. This gives the impression that the youngsters are more in touch with their senses too. One of the main reasons that the characters have been developed in these ways is to get the audience involved, by making them feel annoyed at the characters who you are supposed to feel annoyed at, for example Mr. and Mrs. Birling are the characters in this play who are meant to make the audience feel annoyed at them because they take no responsibility for Evas death, which is rather cowardly of them. I feel that Eric has been placed in the play to be funny, however, he still has many sides to him which are like his parents like the way that he runs away from the truth. I feel that the audience are meant to feel inspired and sympathetic towards Gerald and Sheila because of their honesty towards the Inspector and the way that they stand up in front of each other and tell the brutal truth of the way that they see Evas death, and Sheila unlike the rest of her family doesnt run away once. The way that they are inspired by the couple is mainly because of their honesty in front of each other. Similar couples wouldnt have the guts to admit what theyd done to themselves, never mind their partner. This is therefore a good situation to place the sympathetic couple in. I feel this because itll be the best day of their lives so far together, so people will think awww, what a shame but in relation to what Eva must have been put through other people would think that they deserve it. The use of setting in the play is very necessary to this play and therefore this essay. When the Inspector is introduced to the play the lighting changes drastically, from an intimate pink colour to a much harsher, harder colour, thought to be red. This immediately affects the audience because it indicates that the inspector will have a huge impact on the play. From the beginning of the play, there are many references towards stage directions and setting which are vital, for example on page three of the play it quotes Half playful, half serious to Gerald. This builds up the atmosphere that Sheilas excited for her engagement party, but it also adds to the early character development within the play. The fact that the play is set in one room may be boring for some viewers, however I feel that it is rather effective towards the play in order for the tension to be kept within the playwright, and also so it doesnt turn into some sort of wild Goose chase for the Inspector. This is effective in the way that the Inspector can ask each of the characters, in turn, questions without having to ask where they are in the household and find them, which would get boring and expensive for theatre companies in a society still recovering from two World Wars. This therefore gives the effect of an interrogation room for the characters. There are many entrances and exits within the play, and this is extremely effective in the way that the audience get to find out that the characters are under pressure by the Inspectors questions. When characters leave the room, we find out even more about the characters involvement in her death, which leads up to tension, because the audience begin to get an adrenaline for the next entrance of that character. When the Inspector arrives its nothing short of fantastic. I feel this is because of the way that the happy atmosphere has been built up fantastically, and then an Inspector walks in with the news that a girl died earlier in the day after drinking a bottle of disinfectant, therefore when the Inspector arrives the atmosphere drastically changes. This therefore proposes the notion that the play is made successful by the use of entrances and exits of characters. I wouldnt particularly say that this play is typical of a morality play or of a detective play in terms of the setting however it does create the sense that it has been created as a morality play as it is quite emotional I feel its emotional in the way that it illustrates how badly the lower class were treated by the upper class before world war one. I therefore feel that this play is good in terms of the genre and the setting within the play. I feel that J. B. Priestley has used the correct media type in a play, as the audience build up an affinity with each of the characters (especially Eva though shes not directly involved in the play), as they are seeing it being made more dramatic by terms of acting which wouldnt be as effective if it were portrayed in a novel or poem. This is definitely meant to be performed for an audience.

The 10 Best Culinary Schools in the US

The 10 Best Culinary Schools in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you want a career as a chef, just trying out new recipes at home isn’t going to cut it. You’ll need to hone your skills through education, experience, or both. One of the ways to become a chef is by attending culinary school. In this article, we’ll outline what culinary schools are, who should attend them, and provide a list of the ten best culinary schools for prospective chefs. What Are Culinary Schools? Culinary schools provide professional, accredited courses related to cooking, creating recipes, decorating food, and more. When you attend culinary school, you’ll learn all aspects of food preparation and service. Culinary schools have different degrees and certificates based on what you studied. What Degree Do You Get at a Culinary School? You may associate culinarycolleges with becoming a chef, but these schools actually offer a range of degrees. But what types of degrees can you get at a culinary school depends on the school you attend and the program you enroll in. Some of the most popular culinary school programs include: Culinary arts Culinary management International cuisines Baking and pastry arts Hospitality management Restaurant management Students with a culinary school degree have many job opportunities. You can become a chef, a baker, a food and beverage director, a resort manager, or something else entirely. That being said, is a culinary school degree necessary to work in the food and beverage or hospitality industries? Do You Need to Go to Culinary School to Be a Chef? In short, no. It’s not mandatory to go to culinary school to become a chef. In the culinary world, experience goes a long way. Many chefs get their start by accumulating industry experience as line cooks or other kitchen helpers. That being said, going to culinary school has its benefits. After graduating, you’ll have a degree that demonstrates your preparation and education. Having a culinary school degree can help open doors for you as you try to get a job as a chef. 10 Top Culinary Schools If you’re looking to get a degree from a culinary school, these ten schools are the best of the best. #1: Culinary Institute of America at Hyde Park The Culinary Institute of America was founded in 1946 and is one of the best culinary schools in the world. With campuses in New York, California, and Texas, it has many options for students across the country. The school offers a number of degree programs, including bachelor’s and associate degrees. There are also professional development programs, as well as certificates for food and wine enthusiasts. #2: Institute of Culinary Education With campuses in Los Angeles and New York, the Institute of Culinary Education is a good option for a culinary degree. The Institute of Culinary Education offers diplomas in hospitality management, pastry and baking arts, culinary arts, and more. ICE has multiple degree programs of different lengths, so you can craft an education that meets your goals. With more than 14,000 graduates, ICE is one of the most renowned culinary degree programs in the United States. #3: L’Academie de Cuisine Despite the French name, L’Academie de Cuisine is located near Washington DC. Founded by fabled chef Francois Dionot, L’Academie is known for its rigorous approach to food education. There are just two degree programs here: pastry arts or culinary arts. Each program has three phases, the final one being a paid apprenticeship at a fine-dining establishment. #4: Johnson and Wales University Johnson and Wales University has locations in Florida, Denver, Charlotte and Providence and offers ten different culinary programs to choose from. Program options include culinary arts, culinary nutrition, culinary science, baking and pastry arts, restaurant, food and beverage management, and more. The breadth of degree programs at Johnson and Wales provides a good option if you want to study the culinary arts, but aren’t exactly sure what you want to specialize in yet. #5: Metropolitan Community College: Omaha, Nebraska Metropolitan Community College in Omaha, Nebraska has one of the best culinary programs in the country. The programs here are focused on helping you become a restaurant manager or a chef through a combination of education and experience. Low tuition prices and the chance to build a strong culinary portfolio make this school a great option. #6: Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts The Auguste Escoffier school teaches techniques developed by the â€Å"King of Chefs,† Auguste Escoffier. This program offers small class sizes, as well as unique opportunities like the three to ten week â€Å"Farm to Table† experience that brings students out of the kitchen and onto the farm. Students learn state-of-the-art techniques and receive valuable paid internship opportunities. #7: Sullivan University National Center for Hospitality Studies Given an â€Å"exemplary† rating by the American Culinary Federation, the Sullivan University National Center for Hospitality Studies offer associate’s degree programs that students can finish in eighteen months. Graduates of the program have gone on to work as chefs, nutritionists, food scientists, and more in a number of different places. #8: New England Culinary Institute The private, for-profit New England Culinary Institute has many options for wannabe chefs, including associate's and Bachelor's degrees. Both degree programs require internships, so students will have plenty of hands-on experience. NECI also offers a number of options for career placement, like career counseling, professional development workshops, and and networking opportunities. Celebrity chef Alton Brown is an NECI alum, so if you're a "Good Eats" fan, you might want to apply here. #9: San Diego Culinary Institute The San Diego Culinary Institute focuses on practical application, with over 80% of the program occurring in the kitchen. Programs are typically completed in eight to eleven months and have both full and part-time options. As part of your work at the San Diego Culinary Institute, you’ll complete a paid internship that helps you get on the ground experience. #10: Culinary Institute of Savannah The Culinary Institute of Savannah caters to students at all stages of their careers, from total beginners to experienced. Students learn both international and American cooking techniques and can earn degrees in Culinary Arts or Culinary Baking and Pastry Arts. All degree programs require extensive time in the kitchen. Culinary Schools: Final Thoughts It’s not necessary to go to culinary school to become a chef, but if you want a culinary degree, there are tons of options for good schools out there. Consider what you want to study and how much hands-on experience you’d like when deciding which culinary school to apply to. What's Next? Not sure if a graduate degree is the right move for you? Then take a look at our in-depth guide on what grad school is and how to determine whether you should go as well as our specific guide to master's degrees. Not that into cooking and more interested in the arts? Then perhaps you'll want to take a look at our picks for the best performing arts schools and the best creative writing programs.

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades Essay

Frankish-Muslim Relations during the Crusades - Essay Example Inter-Religious wars manifest in the nature of arguments between Muslims and Christians and their mode of reference to each other. For example, the Franks are enemies to the Muslims and at the same time their property owners. The essence of the crusade period is the inferior consideration that each member of the two distinct religions gave to each other. Apparently, the arguments about the episodes of the interactions between Muslims and Christians are judgmental because the two authors Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Manqidh were both Muslims. They majorly present the Christian Franks as the dominant group, inflicting suffering and misconduct against the Muslim community. It very rarely mentions the incidents where Muslims did injustice and unfairness. From the two accounts, the only exceptional case of Christian virtue demonstrated by the Frankish community was where a knight defended a Muslim Merchant from a crowd that was planning vengeance on him (Munqidh 38). This was after another knight w oman alleged that the Muslim had murdered her brother. 2. Research Questions The research is based on two major questions: 2.1. Question 1: How were the Muslims and the Frankish Community relating and how was their interaction? 2.2. Question 2: Was the Crusade Period a war or one community was dominating the other? 3. Discussion To answer the questions, the interaction between the two communities was full of interreligious isolation. The Christian Franks showed many discriminative alignments against the Muslims as is evident in the boundaries between the two religious groups. A good example is the â€Å"The Tree Measure†. Further discussion will reveal more details to validity the responses to the study questions. 3.1. Segregation or Interaction Interreligious separation as discussed by the two authors present the Franks and Muslims as two different communities, living in total separation. In fact, not even a meal can bring them together except where one party compromises his or her faith. In this regard, there were farms belonging to the Muslim Community, such as Tibnin. The rightful ownership the Farms were controlled by the Frankish community (the property owners). However, Ibn Jubayr acknowledges that in that settlement, the Muslims and Christian Franks were living peacefully. This is ironical since at the same time, he claims that Muslims had to surrender part of their harvests to the Franks as poll tax. The perpetrators of racial and religious injustices were majorly the Franks, who forced the Muslims to observe the conventional laws developed by their own government (the Franks). This robbed the Muslims of their freedom and rights. The Franks, as Ibn Jubayr claims, robbed the Muslim habitats and spared the Frankish side (Jubair 52). In Syria, there is a very clear example of religious discrimination and isolation, where the Frankish merchants grabbed mosques and turned them into Churches, much to the disappointment of the Muslims. They turned the areas previously used by Muslims for worshipping, into abomination by erecting Christian crosses, slaughtering pigs and defiling them with excrement. In all this, Ibn Jubayr claims that Muslims could only weep with their eyes full of tears of pain. 3.2. Points of Interaction The points of interaction between Muslims and Christians were the trading points such as Acre in Syria. This was the unloading point for ships. The Muslims and Christian Franks from all regions gathered in this place and interacted but of course, with

Global marketing report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Global marketing report - Essay Example BRICS is contributing to the defining of the global economy with China playing the greatest role. China is expected to challenge the US in the coming years. India follows the footsteps of China although its emergence is much slower and less impressive. Brazil, Russia, and South Africa are probably the least emergent among the BRICS countries, but this does not mean that they are not emerging. The emergence of these countries offers opportunities to global companies operating in them. In addition, there are challenges and risks that global managers will have to overcome in order to drive their organisations to success. This study examines the economic and political challenges and difficulties that are faced by managers of multinational companies in the Chinese market. The study also examines the economic and political opportunities and benefits that accrue to these managers as they manage their companies in ChinaThis study discusses the opportunities and challenges faced by the managers of the British American Tobacco in their operation in the most successful BRICS countries – China. Close monitoring of political and economic challenges will be the key to their success.. â€Å"Today’s peril is not of the Chinese behind the gun; rather it is that one of the Chinese as the manufacturers of guns† (Jain 2010, p. 155). This statement displays how newspapers’ writers view China as a threat to the developed economies in terms of economic expansion. China, with its cheap labour and keen aptitude for imitation, is competing with the West. The above quote is extracted from Wagel’s (1980) book, which was originally published in 1914 and reprinted in 1980. Therefore, the debate about China becoming more developed than other countries has been going on for more than 90 years. The rapidest growth has been witnessed in the past three decades. The Chinese economy even

Creating a Structured Lesson Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating a Structured Lesson Plan - Assignment Example This would include knowledge of the theories of acquisition of second language and the characteristic of the learner (Skowron, 2010). It helps the teacher to bring his or her own sense of learning and teaching into the classroom. When creating the lesson plan, the teacher must consider the student’s background, lesson objectives, and the skills to be taught, the resources to use in teaching, the activities, the time constraint, and the connection between the previous as well as forthcoming lessons. The teacher should adhere to requirement of competency and the published standards that the lesson will be addressing. The teacher should note what was covered in prior lessons and what the student need to learn in the next lesson (Hensworth, 2011). This should include the goal and objectives of the lesson. The teacher should plan the seating arrangement for the student to allow effective teaching or instructing to students. The teacher may consider mixing up the talkative and quiet students to ensure that there to ensure maximum engagement and cooperation. The tutor should anticipate where the lesson might break down. The instructor should have forethoughts and have probable solutions to make them more comfortable and confident as they teach. Finally, the lesson plan should have a section left for comments at the end of each experience (Wolfe,

What are the trends and problems of Indias Balance Of Payments

What are the trends and problems of Indias Balance Of Payments Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country shows its economic strengths and weaknesses. Most of the developing countries are deficit in their Balance of Accounts, India being no exception. Since independence, India has been facing this deficit or disequilibrium in terms of BOP, largely observed as a disaster in 1990-91, the year of the severe BOP crisis. At that time, India had foreign exchange reserve of meager 1 billion dollar, hardly sufficient to finance a months import bill. The nation was on the edge of defaulting. This crisis resulted in large scale amendments in the countrys economic policy, particularly known as the Structural Adjustment Program or New Economic Policy (NEP) regime, center of attention being liberalization and globalization of the economy. We opted for a very vigilant approach and at present after having surmounted the initial glitches of a newly liberalized economy, we have a somewhat comfortable BOP condition. Even though we have arrived at a comfortable BOP position showing signs of a strong rising economy, BOP management still remains a tough walk for policy makers for taking any discussion, as now we are uncovered to each and every change in the global economic set-up. Trends problems of Indias BOP 1949-50 to 1999-2000 The disequilibrium in Indias BOP has been accounted to both internal as well as external factors. The requirement for development of such a big nation with a large population is one of the main factors resulting in recurring BOP problem. The BOP is always under some pressure and had large deficits due to high level of imports of food grains and capital goods, the profound external borrowings, their payment and poor exports. After independence, the primary challenge in front of the country was to attain economic growth with social justice. Indias aim after accomplishing independence was to achieve economic self- reliance. For this the country had to strike both the internal as well as the external resources. Not only our technology but our food availability was also on the backward stage. Hefty amounts of food grains had to be imported to supply the demand of such a large population. Protectionist Policies The main intention of the Second Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61) was to achieve self reliance through industrialization. Self reliance was to be realized through import substitution. For this, essential industries had to be established which required import of capital goods. Exports were anticipated to take-off by own with advent of industrialization. It was felt that with advent of industrialization, there will be an increase in production at home that will be reflected in greater export earnings. The approach for import substitution was based on physical- interventionist, non-price policies like quotas, licensing and other physical ceilings on imports. Heavy capital goods were imported however other imports were relentlessly restricted to shut off competition for promoting domestic industries. Mainly focus was on import substitution, with gross disregard of exports. These inward looking protectionist policies did resulted in some self-reliance in the consumer goods industries, but most of the capital goods industries remained majorly import intensive. The elevated degree of protection to Indian industries resulted in to inefficiency and poor quality products basically due to lack of competition. The high cost of production further wrinkled our competitive strength. Rise in petroleum products demand, harvest failure, two oil shocks, all put acute strain on the economy. The BOP condition remained weak for the period of 1980s, till it arrived at the crisis situation in 1990-91; When India was on the brink of defaulting mainly due to intense debt burden and continually widening trade deficit. External Debt India had been an exercising choice to large scale foreign borrowings for its developmental activities in the field of fundamental social and industrial infrastructure. The countrys reserves were very much restricted due to low level of per capita income and savings. The situation aggravated because Government of India resorted to large amounts of foreign borrowings to rectify the BOP situation in the short run out of frightening condition. With Seventh Five Year Plan, the debt service obligations increased sharply due to stiffer average provisions of external debt, including repayments to the IMF, commercial borrowing, and a drop in concessional aid flow. Export Promotion Even though by the Sixth Five Year Plan we had overcome the need of food grain imports and some crude oil was also produced domestically, BOP position was still not at ease attributed to low exports. The essential need for promoting export was realized during the 1960s. The Third Five Year Plan commenced certain promotion policies pertaining to export like tax exemptions, duty drawbacks, cash compensatory schemes, Rupee devaluation etc. However it didnt showed significant improvements in exports. Indian exports depended largely on situation of world trade. We were chiefly primary product exporters, for which fluctuations in prices are very high in entire world market demand. Primary products exporting countries generally have unfavorable term of trade. The incomes from primary product exports were unstable and low. Secondly, the Indian products were not up to the mark in terms of quality and standard to sustain in world market. Third, mainly residue products were exported. The fact that export earnings contribute significantly to economic development was disregarded. Cumbersome procedures, rules and regulations for license etc served as disincentives for exporters. Domestic inflation further diminished the competitiveness of Indias export. Exchange Rate The fluctuation in the exchange value of the rupee was another posing problem. The steady devaluations (to promote exports) enhanced the amount of external debt. The value of rupee was administered by the central bank (fixed exchange rate). The considerable gap between official and market exchange rate generated difficulties for the exporters and importers. The stringent foreign exchange controls also persuaded Hawala trade. Trends in Indias BOP (2000-2010) The benefits of foreign trade were overlooked year after year. Indian entrepreneurs were withdrawing with low-priced, outdated technology and demolishing subsidies, generating a heavy national burden of large ailing public sector undertakings. Despite acting through an incentive based approach, government protection in fact damaged our industrial growth. The New Economic Policy of the nineties targeted for opening up of the economy, to permit free trade and competition and condense the role of government considerably in foreign trade issues. Restrictions on international trade were detached, foreign investments were allowed and a completely new Liberalized Exchange Management System was brought in to garner the benefits of competition and offset the drawbacks of a closed, inward looking trade policy. The alterations towards liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy were conceded out very vigilantly in phases. Foreign Investment India effectively attracted Foreign investors to the country with its earnest positive economic transforms like reduced cumbersome formalities and other paperwork. From a scanty US$103 million   net foreign investment in the year 1990-91, it has grown to us$ 8669 million   in 2008-09. Foreign investments kept the country buoyant during the recent global meltdown period. Because the consequences of recession were worst in the developed countries, the investors turned to the less affected rising economies like China and India. While initially foreign investment in the country did slow down significantly due to risk repugnance in the phase of the recession, but it picked up over again because rising economies like India and China were quick to execute corrective procedures to fight recession, showing creditable elasticity to the recession which badly affected the much developed economies. There was massive turn down in net capital flows from US $ 106.6 billion in 2007-2008 (8% of GDP) to US $ 7.2 billion (0.6 % of GDP) IN 2008-09. The turn down was mainly due to net outflows under portfolio investment. Despite this, the FDI inflow remained floating at US $ 21.0 billion during Apr Sept. 2009 as against US $ 20.7 billion in Apr.-Sept. 2008. FDI inflow has been primarily in communication services, manufacturing, and real estate sector. Current Account of BOP The current account of BOP consists of the merchandise trade (export and import) and the invisibles (services, transfers etc.). The liberalized policy and reasonably hassle free formalities for export and imports have provided a push to our export industries as well as industries catering to domestic demands. Exports and imports both witnessed double digit growth rate. India is now a principally manufactured goods and services exporter deriving benefits from a better term of trade, as compared to what it was earlier, primary goods exporter, prior to 1991. The contribution of Indias exports in world trade has increased from 0.7 % in 2000 to 1.2 % in 2008. Services too have extended to various fields catering to both domestic and international consumers. The current account balance broadened in 2008-09 (-2.4 % of GDP) compared to that of 2007-08 (-1.3% of GDP) attributed to recession, but it was sustainable. The external demand shock resulted in to the decline of export growth from 57 % in April-June08 to (-) 8.4 % in Oct- Dec08 and further to (-) 20 % in January-March09, a decline for the first time since 2001-02. Imports too turn downed similarly due to domestic industrial demand and sharp fall in international crude oil and some other primary commodity prices. Indias net invisibles rose by 18.7% in 2008-09. With the economy (domestic as well as global) getting its pace of momentum once again, there is hope of glare once again in the trade and financial world. India having cruised reasonably successful through the uneven scrap of recession can look further to garnering greater profit from world market, at least till the time the developed economies which were poorly affected by recession, revitalize fully. In short, the situation of BOP is quite well administered and contented. However, lessons from the occurrences of the financial crises taking place in various parts of the world from time to time, we are required to continue our vigilant approach towards BOP management. The country cannot meet the expense of a setback to its economic growth attained through large scale changes in national economic policies. India indeed has arrived a long way from the time of the days of the protectionist policies, but there is a lot to be accomplished yet, particularly in the sector of infrastructure, in order to become a strong economy.

The Main Cause of Mental Illness Essay -- Health Care, Diseases

The main cause of mental illness has been confusing because there are multiple components of causes with various correlates. In order to make clear of this confusion, the present essay explores the causes of mental illness primarily found inside the individual, outside the individual and is a combination of the two. It is concluded that the causes of mental illness are primarily found a combination of the inside and outside causes. Mental illness is the condition that significantly impede with an individual’s emotional, cognitive or social abilities (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). According to (Savy and Sawyer, 2009) neurological, metabolic, genetic and psychological causes are contributing factors for various types of mental illness like depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse and progression of condition. An elaborate system known as DSM-IV-TR gives a classification system that acts to separate mental illness into diagnostic categories based on the description of symptoms of illness (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). The exact primarily causes of mental illness are complicated, however, it seems to occur in a psychologically and biologically prone individual, in the trigger of environmental and social stress (Elder, Evans and Nizette, 2007). In some cases the causes of mental illness primarily found inside the individual. Some of them have been associated with an abnormal balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. If they are out of balance the communication between nerve cell in the brain disrupted (Royal Australian and New Zealand College of psychiatrist, 2005). Hence, leading to symptoms of mental illness like depression, schizophrenia. On the other hand, genetics also plays a significant role to acquire mental disorder, which is passed... ...e in the neurodevelopment cycle, such as increased neuronal dysfunction with decreased connectivity and increases in loss of neuropril and extrinsic factor like substance abuse, developmental stress, relationship problem(Elder, Evans and Nizette, 2007). All in all, the cause of mental illness can be summarised as a complex combination of psychological, social and biological response to environmental stressors, responding behaviour, physiology and connected to social context (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). Mental illness has been developed primarily due to the cause of circumstances around the individual and way of individual’s action to tolerate the situation. Hence, the combination of causes outside and inside the individual results in mental illness. Individual preference such as drug and alcohol use also develops and worsens the mental health problems, in some cases.